Research: native screen capture and hardware encoding for remote desktops (D200) #139
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opened 2026-10-09 09:27:32 +00:00 by kayg
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Owner 2026-10-09 (D200 in main
61309f22). Research only: measured candidates and a recommendation; the owner decides foundational choices.Starting native screen capture research on branch research-capture; base SHA
63b1f10e21.Finding (2026-10-09): on the shared macOS 27.0 VM (arm64, 4 vCPU, 8 GiB; load averages 0.97/0.94/0.90),
/usr/sbin/screencapture -v -V4 -xcompleted without a new permission prompt. The 4 s recording took 8.42 s wall, 0.21 s process CPU, peak RSS 34,373,632 bytes, and wrote 715,687 bytes.mdlsreturned null for duration/codec/dimensions, so this run does not yield frame count or per-frame encode latency. No ScreenCaptureKit or CGEvent helper was run; its Screen Recording and Post Event/Accessibility grants were not requested. The CLI result is only a capture+recording-path reference, not a VideoToolbox benchmark.Linux finding (2026-10-09): the host has Xvfb and
/dev/dri/card0, but no DRM render node, current user cannot read card0, and the host has no PipeWire/portal tools, X11 headers, or FFmpegx11grabinput. VA-API initialization against card0 fails (No VA display found; exit 234), so the advertised FFmpeg VAAPI/NVENC wrappers are not evidence of usable hardware here. A scoped software-only encoder run (systemd-run --user --scope -p CPUWeight=10000) encoded 120 synthetic 1280×800 frames at 30 fps with libx264 ultrafast/zerolatency, no B frames, GOP 30: 0.947 s wall, 0.730 s user CPU, 0.073 s system CPU, 71,596 KiB child max RSS, 4.61× realtime. Load average was 20.87/19.85/19.98 before and after. This is an encoder-only baseline, not a screen-capture measurement.Finding (2026-10-09): Apple’s macOS 27 support guide lists a distinct Privacy & Security > Remote Desktop control for app access to screen/audio through Remote Desktop, alongside Screen & System Audio Recording. Apple DTS states there is no public API to query the Remote Desktop grant status. The system
screencaptureCLI spike did not exercise a signed infraternal agent, this privacy category, orCGEventposting. Treat Remote Desktop, Screen Recording, and Post Event/Accessibility behavior as separate VM checks; do not inspect private TCC databases. Sources: https://support.apple.com/en-au/guide/mac-help/mchl211c911f/mac ; https://support.apple.com/en-au/guide/mac-help/mchle046574e/mac ; https://developer.apple.com/forums/thread/841530Finding (2026-10-09): Apple’s published PPPC table lists Post Event and a deny-only Screen Recording control, but no Remote Desktop service. The guide is dated 2024, so the managed grant path for macOS 27 remains unverified rather than disproven. Report now records this gap and requires a signed-app VM check. Source: https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/deployment/dep38df53c2a/web
Step complete: recorded bounded Mac CLI and Linux encoder/capability spikes in commit
73c90418. Macscreencapture: 4 s request, 8.42 s wall, 32.8 MiB max RSS; no verified frame count/codec/dimensions. Linux libx264 synthetic 1280×800@30: 4.61× realtime, 0.201 core and 69.9 MiB per process (linear estimates only).scripts/verify fastrerun is still in progress after correcting scratch Zig staging and the fixture parent.Step complete: synthesized macOS, Linux, permissions, browser pipeline, license, and scale trade-offs in
research/native-capture/REPORT.md, commit35d72f21. Estimates remain explicitly unmeasured: three 32-bit capture buffers are 23.7 MiB at 1080p and 94.9 MiB at 4K; ×50 gives 1.16/4.63 GiB. Candidate engine selection remains with the owner under the foundational-choice rule.scripts/verify fastis still running.Gate finding (2026-10-09): scoped
scripts/verify fastRust tests failed inagent_daemonat abrupt restart 22/24. The real binary returned “terminal command queue full” with 4,193,649 input bytes sent, 4,193,632 ACKed, 468,224 bytes pending, and no output observed for that iteration. This is outside the gate’s named baseline exceptions; branch changes are documentation only. Reproducing the exact test in isolation before classifying it.Gate follow-up (2026-10-09): the exact
agent_daemonrestart test passed in isolation undersystemd-run --user --scope -p CPUWeight=10000with the repository Nix toolchain: all 24 stop positions replayed 4,710,396 payload bytes, including iteration 22. The earlier full-suite queue-full result did not reproduce; no product code changed. Running the full gate again for a final result.Finished on
research-captureat head35d72f2185cb2ec88c6cc7d97e9a6d6b3f272932(spikes:73c90418d4eba866aabd98cfbdd2ba8bb3d133f7). Addedresearch/native-capture/REPORT.mdand the macOS/Linux spike records. No product code or engine choice was added.The final weighted
scripts/verify fastrun passed. Gate output excerpts, verbatim:The earlier performance variance was load-sensitive: the 1,000-node layout test once measured 30.49 ms against 25 ms, then passed isolated at 15.93 ms and in the final full run at 17.10 ms. The daemon restart test’s one queue-full result at iteration 22 also passed in isolation and in the final full run.
Starting the Mac native capture and hardware encoding measurements on branch
capture-measure; base SHA35d72f2185cb2ec88c6cc7d97e9a6d6b3f272932.Environment finding: the first locked SSH run stopped before compilation because the Mac VM has no
rustup(remote-run.shline 35:rustup: command not found, exit 127). The EXIT trap released/tmp/mac-bench.lock; no capture probe or privacy change occurred. I will install Rust in the VM user’s home as allowed by the brief.VM finding: the locked host reports macOS 27.0, arm64, 4 vCPU, 8 GiB RAM, with load averages 0.74/0.81/0.85 before the first capture attempt.
system_profiler SPDisplaysDataTypereturned no resolution; the harness will record the active display dimensions from CoreGraphics and the captured pixel buffer.Finding (2026-10-09): the first no-grant ScreenCaptureKit wrapper display probe ran on macOS 27.0 arm64, 4 vCPU / 8 GiB, load 0.95/1.05/1.05. At 2502×1326 over 12 s it reported 47 complete and 245 idle frames (257 deliveries), p50/p95 display-time-to-callback 677/1883 ms, 0.17 s process CPU, and 18,300,928 bytes max RSS. The Rust runner starts after adding the selected macOS Swift runtime rpath; no privacy list was changed. ObjC2 and window probes are still running.
Finding (2026-10-09): ScreenCaptureKit works from the ungranted SSH-launched executable; no TCC entries were added. On the same VM run (load 0.95/1.05/1.05 before, 1.40/1.18/1.10 after), the generated-binding display request was 5004×2652 and delivered 48 complete / 242 idle frames with 0.13 s CPU and 17,793,024 B max RSS; the 960×600 region delivered 1 complete / 300 idle with p50/p95 over all statuses 506/1662 ms, 0.16 s CPU, 17,760,256 B max RSS. Wrapper window at 480×300 reported p50/p95 0.91/5.62 ms, 0.14 s CPU, 18,251,776 B max RSS, but its Retina scale metadata is 2 and the configured output was only 480×300. I’m correcting window dimensions and separating complete-frame delay from idle-frame age before treating capture latency as comparable.
Finding (2026-10-09): with complete frames separated from idle callbacks, both ScreenCaptureKit paths produced a 5004×2652 full-display sample at point scale 2 on macOS 27 arm64 (4 vCPU / 8 GiB; load 0.89/1.08/1.07 before and 1.09/1.12/1.08 after). Wrapper: 46 complete, 235 idle, 11 timestamped completes, 4.06 ms p50 / 2019.9 ms p95, 0.16 s CPU, 18,268,160 B max RSS. Generated objc2: 49 complete, 232 idle, 13 timestamped completes, 4.14 ms p50 / 1963.3 ms p95, 0.13 s CPU, 17,793,024 B max RSS. The long tail has one or two outliers in small timestamped samples; p95 needs this sample-count caveat. At 960×600 window/region: wrapper had 55 complete, no idle, 0.535/2.231 ms p50/p95, 0.09 s CPU, 18,251,776 B max RSS; generated objc2 had 1 complete + 299 idle, 1 timestamped complete at 4.46 ms, 0.14 s CPU, 17,711,104 B max RSS. Idle callbacks continued around 25/s on an unchanged display/region, with ~0.5–0.8 s median callback age; this is an observed idle-wakeup cost, not a claim that idle capture suspends. The marker’s reported backing scale was 2.0. The harness now requests/records the 960×600 Retina window output and records actual sample dimensions.
Finding (2026-10-09): the first CGEventPost probe ran without requesting access and returned from both posts, but the visible marker logged no mouseDown and no phase change.
post-inputmeasured 6.10 ms from entering the down-post call to return and 180.3 ms between down/up posts; this is not injection-to-visible latency because no visible change occurred. ScreenCaptureKit continues to work without a grant. I will follow the approved VNC procedure to add only Post Event access to~/infraternal-bench/capture-measure/capture-measure; I will not add Screen Recording access unless a later capture path actually requires it.Correction/result: the earlier no-click probe used y=663, which missed the marker; it did not demonstrate denial. With the marker frontmost at (1251,415), 21/21 CGEvent clicks produced mouse-down and draw callbacks. Inject-to-draw: p50 10.013 ms, p95 12.420 ms, range 8.809–13.064 ms (mach timebase 125/3), on macOS 27.0 arm64/4 vCPU; run load averages 1.39/1.96/1.83 before and 1.36/1.87/1.81 after. CGPreflightPostEventAccess was true; its request returned true without a dialog. No Screen Recording or Post Event entry was added or changed.
Window comparison: the maintained wrapper captured the marker window at 960x600 (2x scale), 66 complete/1 idle callbacks, complete-delivery p50 0.773 ms/p95 1.929 ms, 0.05 s CPU and 18,399,232 B max RSS. Host load was 0.98/1.85/1.83 before and 0.83/1.77/1.80 after. The generated objc2 display probe captured 5004x2652; its new desktop-independent window filter aborts with
CGS_REQUIRE_INITbefore delivering frames, so that window candidate remains unmeasured. Investigating the direct binding path.Window-path update:
initWithDesktopIndependentWindowaborted with CGS_REQUIRE_INIT. The generated objc2 path now usesinitWithDisplay_includingWindowsplus the selected window frame as sourceRect and succeeds. With a 10 Hz marker at 960x600, wrapper: 99 complete, 0 idle, p50 0.921 ms/p95 3.586 ms, 0.07 s CPU, 18,333,696 B max RSS. objc2: 81 complete/258 idle, 32 timed completes, p50 29.575 ms/p95 158.582 ms, 0.07 s CPU, 17,858,560 B max RSS. Host load 1.64/1.67/1.74 before and 1.70/1.67/1.73 after. The VM-reported source display had changed to 1748x1000 (from 2502x1326 earlier); the measured output region remained 960x600 at 2x.Completed VideoToolbox hardware measurements; commit
f24604a899. One 1920x1080, 300-frame, 60 fps session per run, with a four-buffer input pool, no frame reordering and a 30-frame GOP. Hardware selection reported true for H.264 and HEVC. The VM loggedIOServiceMatchingfailed for: AppleM2ScalerParavirtDriver; this did not prevent hardware selection.H.264 at 2/5/10 Mbps targets: callback latency p50 27.231/25.122/26.014 ms, p95 41.417/39.653/39.706 ms; measured bitrate 1.181/0.201/0.285 Mbps. HEVC at the same targets: p50 28.673/29.656/27.991 ms, p95 43.634/42.850/42.196 ms; bitrate 1.554/1.568/0.319 Mbps. All six runs encoded 300 frames with 10 keyframes and no errors. The moving checker pattern is low motion and content-dependent; these rates do not establish screen-content quality or target-bitrate tracking.
Peak RSS was 86.0–86.3 MB per session; process CPU was 0.73–0.80 core-seconds over about 5.2 seconds, including pattern generation. Linear planning arithmetic gives about 0.86 GB RSS and 1.4–1.5 CPU cores for 10 sessions, and 4.3 GB and 7–7.5 cores for 50. This is not a concurrent capacity result; the VM has 4 vCPUs. Load averages were 1.25/1.11/1.41 before and 1.37/1.15/1.41 after.
Completed the capture-to-WebCodecs proxy; harness commit
032e95ab5a. ScreenCaptureKit callback timestamps followed hardware H.264 and Chromium WebCodecs decode to canvas. Two runs decoded 36 and 35 frames; callback-to-canvas p50/p95 were 242.447/527.164 ms and 267.742/515.419 ms. The repeat was 4.79 s, peak RSS 33,718,272 bytes, with 0.12 CPU seconds reported by/usr/bin/time -lp; VM load averages were 1.24/1.26/1.31 before and 1.22/1.25/1.31 after. Hardware encoder property was true; the VM also loggedIOServiceMatchingfailed for: AppleM2ScalerParavirtDriver.The relay used TCP from the Mac VM to Chromium on infraternal-dev. Its repeat handshake round trip was 148.6 ms, so this result includes the private network path and is not a loopback or product-transport measurement. Timestamps mark ScreenCaptureKit delivery callbacks. The browser harness ran under
systemd-run --user --scope -p CPUWeight=10000withTRACER_TEST_PORT=4390; dev load averages were 7.19/8.05/6.83 before and 8.88/8.33/6.98 after. No TCC entries were added or changed.Added the isolated AGPL measurement crate and declared wrapper, generated objc2, and CoreGraphics dependencies in commit
27b89b09a7. The crate is outside the product workspace; candidate modules are landing independently. D200 and D203 C4 remain owner decisions.Added the maintained Rust ScreenCaptureKit measurement path and shared host-time conversion in commit
55d5c73230. Full-display capture reported 44 complete/293 idle callbacks; 16 timed completes had p50 4.431 ms and p95 1961.787 ms. The animated 960x600 window run reported 99 complete/0 idle, p50 0.921 ms and p95 3.586 ms; process peak RSS was 18,333,696 bytes. The full-display p95 has only 16 timed samples and is dominated by long stalls.Added the generated objc2 ScreenCaptureKit candidate in commit
ba6e257482. Full-display capture produced 36 complete/258 idle callbacks; 13 timed completes had p50 5.707 ms and p95 1967.556 ms. The animated 960x600 window path produced 81 complete/258 idle, with 32 timed completes at p50 29.575 ms and p95 158.582 ms. The desktop-independent window initializer aborted withCGS_REQUIRE_INIT; the display-including-windows filter with the window frame as source rectangle passed.Added the CGEvent marker input probe in commit
708f7bfe7f. With the marker frontmost at (1251, 415) points, 21/21 clicks produced mouse-down and draw callbacks; inject-to-visible-draw p50 was 10.013 ms, p95 12.420 ms, range 8.809–13.064 ms. Post Event preflight and request returned true. No TCC entries were added or changed.Added the locked-VM measurement runner and usage guide in commit
daa23c79c7. It builds and runs the candidate modules under~/infraternal-bench/capture-measure, records machine/load context, and terminates its marker process on exit. The per-job directory has been removed and the mac-bench lock was released by its EXIT trap.Added the owner-first measurement report in commit
57346fc31d. It records both SCK candidates, Retina window results, encoder rows/settings and ×10/×50 arithmetic, event-to-draw timing, and the two WebCodecs proxy runs, with machine/load context and limits. The E2E repeat remains 35 decoded frames at p50 267.742 ms / p95 515.419 ms over the VM-to-dev TCP path. No TCC entries were added, removed, or changed.The first fast-gate attempt passed fmt, Zig fmt, Clippy, and cargo-deny. One test and the static builds failed because repository scripts assume
target/exists: an agent test createstarget/<state>directly, while the musl wrapper resolvestarget/auth-tools/zig/zig. The required CARGO_TARGET_DIR was under job scratch, so those repository-relative paths were absent. I will rerun with a worktreetargetsymlink to the scratch target; build data remains in scratch.The required detached
devbaseline test was run at SHA7d6df4470c.auth::tests::socket_tests::expired_handshake_releases_user_permitspassed 1/1 in 0.57 s; load averages were 19.98/15.16/12.60 before and 14.70/15.40/13.07 after. The baseline result did not reproduce the candidate gate's failure, so I will rerun that exact candidate test and the gate before classifying it.The exact candidate test rerun passed 1/1 in 0.53 s:
auth::tests::socket_tests::expired_handshake_releases_user_permits. Load averages were 15.55/17.19/15.01 before and 12.59/15.93/14.87 after. The first candidate-gate failure was not reproduced on retry; the full fast gate is being rerun with the corrected scratch target link.Finished at head
57346fc31d.Report: research/native-capture/MEASURE.md. Spike code is in research/native-capture/spikes/measure. No product code changed. No TCC grants were added and no pre-existing Privacy & Security entries were changed; the Mac lock and temporary benchmark directory were cleaned.
scripts/verify fast exited 0. Verbatim gate summaries:
+---------------------------+--------------+
| Rust gate | Result |
+---------------------------+--------------+
| fmt | PASS |
| VT native fmt | PASS |
| clippy | PASS |
| test | PASS |
| cargo-deny | PASS |
| static builds | PASS |
+---------------------------+--------------+
54 pass
0 fail
9930 expect() calls
Ran 54 tests across 12 files. [6.16s]
stream differential: 134 streams, 11439 schedules, zero divergences
7 pass
0 fail
34390 expect() calls
Ran 7 tests across 2 files. [17.93s]
Closed by the orchestrator during the 2026-10-28 handover (#254), on the owner's request to close finished issues. Evidence: Research delivered (research/native-capture/MEASURE.md,
57346fc3) and owner decision recorded as D204 (macOS capture bindings and encoder). Reopen if anything is still missing.kayg referenced this issue2026-10-28 17:53:55 +00:00